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Essential Fish Habitat
Necessary Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. T. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate essential to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate incorporates the associated biological residential areas that make these areas appropriate for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used any time during the species' life cycle.|2| EFH contains all types of aquatic habitat, including wetlands, coral reefs, yellow sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH using the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed kinds to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non fishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Work was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and identify EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or actions may adversely affect habitat identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On Dec 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which identify procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by simply publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management strategy (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Impacts from certain fishing techniques and coastal and underwater development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats important for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal businesses work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable affects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and non-point and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed types. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, decrease to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing in EFH, and identify different actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions around the habitat of federally managed commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal action agencies which fund, license, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or counter those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to any state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Workplace (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not needed to consult with NMFS. EFH services are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an impact on EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations from the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction with the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high top priority areas for conservation, supervision, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet by least one of the following some criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a habitat type that is/will come to be stressed by development;
include a habitat type that is unusual.|27|
Current HAPCs involve important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory protection as EFH and do not don't include activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is chosen for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Crucial Habitat is designated intended for the survival and recovery of species listed since threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical refuge include areas occupied by threatened or endangered varieties that include physical and scientific features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is usually designated as critical during the time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat differ in terms of designation and control, but they may overlap for sure species such as salmon.|32|
Natural environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and marine community structures. These case are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental an environment structure begins with crud. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will discover two main types of bottoms, hard and delicate.|33| A study by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) with regards to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom supplies hard complex vertical framework for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a number of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are also a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Characteristics that affect soft lower part in relation to organisms that utilize them include sediment grain size, salinity, dissolved oxygen and flow.
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